Should Latina Breast Cancer Survivors Be Improved Quality...

EBP Will Latina Breast Cancer Survivors Have an Improved Quality of Life if Intervention Includes Bilingual Education? Rae Barbosa College of Western Idaho Summary Very few studies have been completed on the quality of life of post-treatment Latina breast cancer survivors. The purpose of the evidence based practice study was to test whether or not the quality of life for Latina breast cancer survivors was affected by bilingual intervention. The study was composed of two groups. The control group received the usual breast cancer care. The experimental group received the usual care and some additional components including four teaching sessions completed within the first month and regular follow-up calls. Intervention†¦show more content†¦Nursing implications are that further culturally congruent studies should be completed to address the quality of life for Latina breast cancer survivorship. Culturally congruent nursing and core values should be included in health education programs. Intervention programs should be included in the preferred language of the Latina breast cancer survivor. All breast cancer survivors’ supportive needs should be met. (Juarez, Hurria, Uman Ferrell, 2013) Will Latina Breast Cancer Survivors Have an Improved Quality of Life if Intervention Includes Bilingual Education? The following paper is a review of an evidence based practice study written by Gloria Juarez, RN, PhD, Arti Hurria, MD, Gwen Uman, RN, PhD, and Betty Ferrell, PhD, FAAN called, â€Å"Impact of a Bilingual Education Intervention on the Quality of Life of Latina Breast Cancer Survivors† Background â€Å"Improving the QOL of cancer survivors has been identified as a public health priority by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and a number other organizations.† (Juarez, Hurria, Uman Ferrell, 2013) According to Siegel, Naishadham Jemal (2012) for Latina population in the U.S., breast cancer is the primary cause of cancer related deaths. Wu et al. (2012) says that, Latinas that are diagnosed with breast cancer, in comparison to Caucasians, are younger, have a less favorable prognosis, and have a

Prenatal Development And Birth Pregnancy - 2794 Words

Chapter 4 Prenatal Development and Birth Prenatal development begins with conception †¢ Females ovulate approximately every 28 days †¢ Ovum is expelled from the ovaries through the fallopian tube, and down into the uterus. †¢ If not fertilized by sperm, the egg will be disintegrated and be passed out of the body via menstruation. †¢ If the sperm reaches the egg, all other sperm will be repelled. †¢ This connection between sperm and egg is known as a Zygote. Infertility †¢ â€Å"As many as 1 in 4 couples experience difficulty conceiving.† †¢ Possible causes of infertility include: STI, varicocele, and abnormal ovulation. Assisted Reproductive Technology †¢ Women can use medications that allow the ovaries to let down several eggs during menstruation. †¢ Next step is Artificial Insemination. This is where a man’s sperm will be inserted into the woman’s uterus. †¢ In Vitro Fertilization is when a large amount of eggs will be taken out of the woman and is united with sperm in a petrie dish, then the fertilized eggs are placed back into the woman’s uterus. †¢ Surrogacy: In instances where the woman is not able to carry the child herself, the couple can have their In Vitro Fertilized egg place into a surrogate mother until the time of birth. Pressures of Infertility †¢ â€Å"Cost of IVF is highest in the United States, where each attempt is about $12,400.† †¢ IVF success rate at highest is 42% †¢ Stressful on relationships †¢ Psychologically taxing Prenatal Stages †¢ 46 chromosomes make up the zygote †¢Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Reproductive Health1376 Words   |  6 Pagesembryo development or fetal development is known as Teratogens. Teratogens can stop the pregnancy outright, or in cases of full term pregnancies, cause birth defects to the child. Some categories of teratogens are environmental and subjective teratogens. Environmental teratogens relate to environmental factors that cause birth defects or termination of a pregnancy. Subjective teratogens are substances in which the mother consumes that cause defects to the child or also termination of a pregnancy. SubstancesRead MorePrenatal Development : A Fragile Phase Of Fetal Development1558 Words   |  7 PagesPrenatal development is a very fragile phase of fetal development that can be affect by environmental factors and maternal factors. Prenatal development is the process in which a human fetus develops during pregnancy. The development of a new life is an exciting time for most people and t his essay will discuss the process in which that new life is created. It will also discuss the things that could be harmful to the development of that new life during its prenatal development term such as environmentalRead MorePrenatal Contraception And Prenatal Care Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagesreduced by increasing access to early and adequate prenatal care (Chapman Durham, 2010). The prenatal period provides an opportunity to make positive changes in all aspects of a women s health status and health maintenance behaviors. Early and adequate prenatal care provides the opportunity to identify significant risks to the pregnant women, and develop interventions to reduce or eliminate potential complications (Chapman Durham, 2010). Prenatal care encompasses the health care services providedRead MorePrenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus1591 Words   |  7 PagesPrenatal development, also known as antenatal development, is the process of the development of a human fetus during pregnancy, from fertilization of the egg until the birth of the child. There are many factors that can contribute to the development of the fetus and many threats that can impact it. Most prenatal development occurs in a normal manner, however; there are many things that can go wrong during this vulnerable time and usually are caused by genetic or environmental factors. While the hazardsRead MoreThe Effects Of Birth Defects On The Development Of The Fetus899 Words   |  4 PagesPrenatal development is the process in which a human embryo or fetus gestates during pregnancy, from fertilization until birth (Prenatal Development). Most cases of unhealthy development can be avoided, however there are some genetic and environmental fa ctors that cannot. Some genetic factors that affect the development of the fetus are Phenylketonuria, Sickle-cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs Disease, and Down Syndrome (Feldman 402). Some environmental teratogens that affect the development of the fetus areRead MoreThe Importance Of Prenatal Care843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Prenatal Care Pregnancy can either be the most wonderful time in a woman’s life or the scariest and quite often it is both at the same time. One of the first things that most women do when they become pregnant or even before they become pregnant is focus on their prenatal care. This time in the womb is very important in a baby’s development and taking care of the body is something that is extremely beneficial to the wellbeing of a newborn. Prenatal care is probably one of the mostRead MoreMaternal Stress And The Birth Of A Healthy New Born Baby849 Words   |  4 Pageswritten about beliefs that the emotional state of the pregnant mother may affect her unborn child. Today, both animal and human studies support the notion that maternal stress and anxiety during pregnancy can have both immediate and long-term effects on her offspring (The Effects of Maternal Stress, n.d.). Prenatal maternal stress originates due to unforeseen circumstances that cannot be controlled or resolved within a rapid timeframe, therefore, causing the individual to become subjected to strenousRead MorePrenatal Care For Young Women Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesPrenatal Care for Young Women Most young mothers are worried about a number of new changes that will impact them socially, physically and emotionally. Prenatal care can be neglected due to an unexpected pregnancy, not being educated on what to do, or not having resources to get care. Prenatal care is very important to a child’s early development. Prenatal care can mean several things like cutting back on caffeine and stopping smoking. It can also mean soon after conception beginning to care for yourselfRead MoreDelayed Childbearing Outcomes And Prevention1141 Words   |  5 Pagesthe infant itself. Needless to say, one, two, three or even four infants in a womb simultaneously depicts a high risk in the outcome of a birth, but the infants and the mother are more prone to circumstantial risks when the mother bearing the child is over the age of 35. Woman aged 35 or older are at 20% to 40% more prone to having an increased risk of low birth weight and preterm delivery. Countless women decide to wait for nume rous reasons, such as, late marriages, pursuing a higher education, and/Read MorePrenatal Screening And Prenatal Development1385 Words   |  6 Pagesconception, prenatal development. Prenatal development can easily be categorized as a fascinating period of great anatomical and physiological progress. Yet, as time progresses and the wonders of medical technology advance at a limitless pace, such a time has recently been viewed as a period of constant and profound examinations for unborn infants. The term, prenatal examinations, can be divided into the three categories of prenatal screenings, genetic screenings, and diagnostic screenings. Prenatal screenings

Ben Franklin and Booker T. Washington Free Essays

Benjamin Franklin and Booker T. Washington were both American personalities that assumed great importance in the history of the United States. Franklin was born in 1706, in Boston, to an English father and an American mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Ben Franklin and Booker T. Washington or any similar topic only for you Order Now Washington, on the other hand, having a family history of slaves, did not know his origins or anything about his ancestries. As the author himself says in his autobiography, â€Å"My life had its beginning in the midst of the most miserable, desolate, and discouraging surroundings. (Washington, p. 15). He only knew his mother, a brother and a sister and he did not even know the time or the place of his birth. In spite of some significant differences in their early lives and, after, along their trajectories, Benjamin Franklin and Booker T. Washington’s autobiographies reveal that similarities between them are prevalent. Even separated by a gap of a hundred and fifty years between their birth dates, they shared same thoughts, same principles and resembling aims. Since they have so much in common, it is valid to say that Washington’s â€Å"Up From Slavery† can be considered a black version of Franklin’s autobiography. Born in a family of slaves, Booker T. Washington was a typical African-American of the 19th century, used to be a working-man. After the Civil War, which had as its main consequence the emancipation of the slaves, Booker worked as a salt-miner and as a coal-miner, before he becomes a houseboy, working as a servant for the wife of the owner of the mines. After that, he applied to Hampton Agricultural Institute and had to split his time between working and studying. Benjamin Franklin was an important personality of American History, a versatile man who was an intellectual, a scientist, an inventor, a diplomat, a politician and best known for being among the political leaders who took part in the American Revolution, by signing the United States Declaration of Independence, as one of the â€Å"Founding Fathers†. Born to a middle-class family, Franklin went to a grammar school but, for financial reasons, he had to be transferred to another one to study writing and arithmetic. Yet, just like Booker, he was also a working-man during his boyhood. He left school to work as a chandler, making and selling candles with his father, who, later, noticed Franklin’s interest in books, so he was sent to work with his uncle as a printer. Perhaps because of the previous tough time they had in life, each one his particular ways and in specific situations, both of them put all of their efforts on an attempt of eaching better ways of living, and they succeeded. That is why they are considered examples of what is called the â€Å"self-made man†, the man who makes himself by what he does and command his own destiny; people who rise from poverty and bad living conditions and who are able to achieve success and recognition on their own merit. Since he was not enrolled at school, Benjamin Franklin pro vided himself a self-education, based on the Socratic method, which he ended up abandoning later on. He also was trying to improve his English. Also trying to fight for a chance of acquiring some knowledge, Booker had to cheat on his boss to be on time for school, face his classmates who were more well off than himself and invent a last name, considering it was a request of the school and, as an ex-slave, he did not have one. When he went to Hampton Institute, he was refused shelter for being black and he could not count on anybody, so he had to sleep on the streets and work for meals. He could not even afford his books and clothes, but he did not give in and he did not give up on his studies. Further on, he would say â€Å"Nothing ever comes to one, that is worth having, except as a result of hard work† (Washington, p. 135). Both Franklin and Washington believed that education and a good job would guide people to self-respect and an economic independence. Moreover, their entrepreneurial spirit was a common outstanding aspect of their personalities. Under his direction, Booker inaugurated the Tuskegee Institute, a school for black people which was focused on industrial training, praising the virtues of thrift and patience, mainly: â€Å"[†¦] by patience and hard work, we brought order out of chaos, just as will be true of any problem if we stick to it with patience and wisdom and earnest effort† (Washington, p. 60). Earlier, in 1729, Franklin had begun a newspaper called The Pennsylvania Gazette. â€Å"Lose no time; be always employ’d in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions† (Franklin, p. 4), this is what leads people to success; industry is the way to get there. Booker T. Washington was a humble man, but he knew how to balance his modesty with a touch of ambition. However, he attributes his success to his belief in many of the virtues that were also praised by Benjamin Franklin, as selflessness, industry, pragmatism and optimism. Franklin based the course of his entire life on a list of th irteen virtues he thought were a must in the process of arriving at moral perfection. There are some of them that can summarize everything he used to preach along his life, which would be: order – â€Å"Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time†; resolution – â€Å"Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve†; frugality – â€Å"Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i. e. , waste nothing†; sincerity – â€Å"Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly† (Franklin, p. 94); and, of course, industry. Franklin was raised by a Presbyterian family, but he turned out to become a Deist. Thus, he thought he would succeed in the pursuit of his moral improvement as an individual – by following some virtues and putting their concept into practice – not as a member of any church. Nevertheless, he believed in the existence of a deity, a God that has to do with the creation and maintenance of the world, but has nothing to do with one’s life. To this God, he thanks for the blessings that were given to him through his way to a successful life. â€Å"And now I speak of thanking God, I desired with all humility to acknowledge that I owe the mentioned happiness of my past life to His kind providence, which lead me to the means I used and gave them success† (Franklin, p. 7). Likewise, Booker also expresses his gratitude to God for the same kind of support, but, in opposition to Franklin, he was thankful to a Christian divinity and faithful to the doctrine of his church. Due to their ideal conduct, Benjamin Franklin and Booker T. Washington were considered examples of good citizens. Franklin wrote his life story as an intent of immortalize himself through his behavior, also immortalizing his actions by featuring all his great deeds. This way he could motivate and encourage people to do the same: â€Å"†¦and having gone so far through life with a considerable share of felicity, the conducing means I made use of, [†¦], my posterity may like to know, as they may find some of them suitable to their own situations, and therefore fit to be imitated. (Franklin, p. 6). And so did Washington in â€Å"Up From Slavery†, through which he intended to serve as a model for others to follow but, differently from Franklin, he didn’t have the self-promotion as one of his purposes. Booker expected his readers to feel instigated and stimulated to keep going on with his good manners and become followers of his moral principles. Besides the will of telling people their lives, the attempt of helping others to pursue their own self-making was among their objectives. In conclusion, both the autobiographies narrate two lives that, despite of the time, were founded on similar values that were regarded as tools to achieve a better future life. These two works aim to inspire people to do things that could lead them to social ascension. Besides, their authors used a literary style and a structure very much alike – enlightening some virtues and speaking with a sense of humor, employing direct prose and punctuating the narrative with lively illustrative anecdotes. The main difference between them is that Booker T. Washington was involved with black people issues, since he was born a slave and had been always dealing with the Negroes turbulent and troubled reality as a â€Å"tough-minded analyst of power who had to balance the demands of blacks with the constraints imposed on him by whites† (http://ukcatalogue. oup. com), whereas Benjamin Franklin acted in the white majority scene, with no need to be worried about any racial question as a priority. How to cite Ben Franklin and Booker T. Washington, Papers

Lower-Extremity Prosthetics Amputees Post-Traumatic Stress

Question: Describe about the Lower-Extremity Prosthetics Amputees for Post-Traumatic Stress. Answer: Introduction Every human being enjoys leading a normal life just like any other. Although it is everyones joy to have all the functional body organs, many people have failed to do so as a result of unfortunate incidences that result into limb losses (Coffey, Gallagher, Desmond, Ryall Wegener 2014). Should this happen, become vulnerable to trauma, cardiovascular diseases and congenital anomalies (Vandenbrink, Visscher Herbert 2015). Many amputees find it challenging to cope up with life after the loss. They lose independence and become victims of stereotypes in the society (Yoo 2014). Meaning, they may no longer be able to discharge their responsibilities as they used to do initially. Having recognized these challenges, the organization has come up with a plan to invent the SuperProsthetics with the sole purpose of improving the quality of life of the amputees (Gaunaurd, Spaulding, Amtmann, Salem, Gailey, Morgan Hafner 2015). The project will design and developed a modern device to be used by the amputees who have had to contend with low quality poor designed artificial limbs (Jansen, Thomas, Adams, Tai, Russell, Morrison, Clasper Midwinter 2012). Project Objectives The major objective of the project is to design and develop SuperProsthetics, an excellent device for the amputees (Bartholameuz, Abeyasinghe, Bandara, de Zoysa, Bandara 20120). Its use will help in improving the quality of life of the amputees and safeguard their psychological adjustment, acceptance, autonomy and productivity in the society (Newcombe, Dewar, Blunn Fromme 2013). Approach and Methods The entire invention, design and development of SuperProsthetics is not a simple activity. In order to succeed with the project, the organization will dedicate adequate time to consult and carry out extensive research on the basics of this great device (Fleming, ODaniel, Bharmal Valerio 2014). After this, the specialists will have to identify the model of the limbs to make in accordance with the measurements and computer design agreed upon (Vandenbrink, Visscher Herbert 2015). This will help in developing a well-fitted, sizable, and comfortable personalized SuperProsthetics to be relied upon in the improvement of the quality of life of the amputees. The SuperProsthetics will have to be developed depending on the patients own finite element simulations and MRI or CT scan results (Parvaneh, Grewal, Grewal, Menzies, Talal, Armstrong, Sternberg Najafi 2014). Better still; to improve its efficiency, the device will have to be fitted with gadgets to help in providing internal stress inf ormation especially when it is operating under excessive pressure (Tanosaki, Shimizu, Lian, Jurchak Patel 2014). Proposed Budget for SuperProsthetics ITEM COSTS (A$) 1. Equipments and Materials 340,000 2. Travel Logistics 100,000 3. Salary and Wages 160,000 4. Research Activities 200,000 5. Training 150,000 6. Miscellaneous 50,000 TOTAL 1,000,000 References Bartholameuz, N.A., Abeyasinghe, N.L., Bandara, K.M.K.C., de Zoysa, P. Bandara, J.M.U.J., 2012. The prevalence of symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among soldiers with amputation of a limb or spinal injury: A report from a rehabilitation centre in Sri Lanka. Coffey, L., Gallagher, P., Desmond, D., Ryall, N. Wegener, S.T., 2014. Goal management tendencies predict trajectories of adjustment to lower limb amputation up to 15 months post rehabilitation discharge. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 95(10), pp.1895-1902. Fleming, M.E., ODaniel, A., Bharmal, H. Valerio, I., 2014. Application of the orthoplastic reconstructive ladder to preserve lower extremity amputation length. Annals of plastic surgery, 73(2), pp.183-189. Gaunaurd, I., Spaulding, S.E., Amtmann, D., Salem, R., Gailey, R., Morgan, S.J. Hafner, B.J., 2015. Use of and confidence in administering outcome measures among clinical prosthetists: Results from a national survey and mixed-methods training program. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 39(4), pp.314-321. Jansen, J.O., Thomas, G.O.R., Adams, S.A., Tai, N.R.M., Russell, R., Morrison, J., Clasper, J. Midwinter, M., 2012. Early management of proximal traumatic lower extremity amputation and pelvic injury caused by improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Injury, 43(7), pp.976-979. Newcombe, L., Dewar, M., Blunn, G.W. and Fromme, P., 2013. Effect of amputation level on the stress transferred to the femur by an artificial limb directly attached to the bone. Medical engineering physics, 35(12), pp.1744-1753. Parvaneh, S., Grewal, G.S., Grewal, E., Menzies, R.A., Talal, T.K., Armstrong, D.G., Sternberg, E. Najafi, B., 2014. Stressing the dressing: Assessing stress during wound care in real-time using wearable sensors. Wound Medicine, 4, pp.21-26. Tanosaki, M., Shimizu, N., Lian, C.G., Jurchak, M. Patel, V., 2014. Purpura Fulminans Managed with Multi-Limb Amputation: Substituted Judgment and Surrogate Decision-Making in the Surgical Management of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Surgical infections, 15(6), pp.853-856. Vandenbrink, D., Visscher, D. Herbert, J., 2015. Prosthetic Mobility Outcomes of Lower-Limb Amputees. URSCA Proceedings, 1. Yoo, S., 2014. Complications following an amputation. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, 25(1), pp.169-178.

The Independent Study Unit Essays - Essay, Writing, Novel, Arts

The Independent Study Unit Grade 10 2016-17 This year, your ISU will focus on refining your writing skills in relation to a book of your choice. As opposed to last year, this book can be a fiction or non-fiction book. A reading list of possible books is provided for you at the back of this document. Nevertheless, your book must be approved by your teacher. Your ISU will have six components. Cover Page The Brainstorm/Outline The Draft The Peer-Review The Essay Works Cited Page (MLA formatting) 1. Cover Page The Cover Page should include the following: The title of the assignment: Independent Study Unit The title of your essay A picture Your name Your course: English, Grade 10 Your teacher's name The due date See below: Independent Study Unit: Title of your essay 10407657683500 Your Name English Grade 10 Your Teacher's Name Due date 5. The Persuasive Essay Write a short persuasive essay based on one of the following topic questions. Throughout the semester, you will work on developing a thesis statement (main idea) and generating three strong arguments to support your thesis based on your chosen question/topic. Choose wisely! Your Essay should: Be 700-1000 words Use effective, formal diction and gender-neutral language Assess information and ideas from print and electronic sources (especially for non-fiction) Have a clear, focused introduction, including a thesis statement Contain three body paragraphs that present ideas coherently, using contrast, comparison, and/or examples Include MLA formatting: please see Purdue OWL website for further instruction Have a clear title Be 11-12 pt. font in a clearly legible font Must include a word count at the bottom. Topic Questions for FICTION: Gender Issues. Consider the gender of the characters in your novel. How are male and female characters portrayed? How does the novel portray their roles in society? How does gender influence the choices that are available to the characters and the decisions that they make? Write a paper that explores how gender affects the plot and character development in the novel. Alternate Topics: Discuss how the novel would be different if the genders of the main characters were reversed. OR, Discuss how the novel would change if the events were to take place today then argue/elaborate why. Dreams Reality. Take a look at the characters in the novel that you've read. Each of the main characters in the novel is introduced to you with certain dreams, plans, and expectations for their lives. In the course of the novel, these main characters must come to terms with the difference between their dreams and the reality of the world around them. Write a paper on your novel that examines how the main characters navigate the journey from dreams to reality--What kind of course do they follow, and how are they changed for their journey? *Realism and the Setting. Do a close examination of the setting in your novel. What are the primary locations? How are these places made realistic--how does the author use extended description, background information, and specific detail to make the setting come alive for readers? How do the main characters fit in the settings--do they seem at home? out of place? How do their reactions and interactions with the setting affect the realism of the locations? In your paper, discuss the way that the techniques that the novelist uses to make the setting vivid and real to readers, and the extent to which these techniques are effective. Shaped by Time Period. Writers can't help but be influenced by the events and people that they see around them. For your essay, think about how the characters, setting, and themes in your novel relate to the time period in which it was written. For ex. a novel set during the early 1800s in the USA would be heavily influence by slavery and racism. In your paper, try to answer one of the following questions: How is the novel an analysis of the period? How is it a reflection, and how is it a criticism ? And how does the writer make opinions about that world clear to the reader ? Setting Characters. Consider the relationship between the characters and the setting for your novel. Think about the way that the characters are described, their characteristics, the conflicts that they face, the actions they take, and their emotional reactions. Compare these qualities to the setting--to the way that it is described,

How to Find SAT Scores by High School and District

How to Find SAT Scores by High School and District SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve found this article, I assume you’re a student or parent considering your options for your or your child’s high school education. When comparing high schools, average SAT score can be an extremely useful metric since it can give you a sense of the quality of the education and the caliber of students at that high school. There are several methods for locating a school’s average SAT score, each of which I'll outline in this post. I'll also explain in more depth why you should care about average SAT score and what it can tell you about how high schools compare. How to Find SAT Scores by High School: Your Options There are several ways to track down a high school’s average SAT score. The best option for you will depend on your home state. For all states, you can order SAT reports for graduating seniors by high school from the College Board, but it costs $95/report, and you must be a school officer (e.g. a principal or school counselor). If you're a school officer or are good friends with a school officer, you should consider this option. Unfortunately, this is the only method that will work to find the SAT scores for all schools in all states. For many states, if you’re looking for the data for public high schools, the best method is to track it down through the Department of Education’s website for your state. Later on, I’ll explain how to find a district’s or specific public high school’s average SAT score using this method. This method will guarantee you’re getting up-to-date, correct, unbiased information, but the Department of Education only has the data on SAT scores by high school for public schools. This method will not work for the following states: Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado* DC Hawaii Illinois* Iowa Kansas* Kentucky* Louisiana* Michigan* Minnesota* Mississippi* Missouri* Montana* Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma* Oregon South Dakota* Tennessee* Utah* Wisconsin* Wyoming* *NOTE: while these states do not provide SAT data, these states do provide ACT data. For information on how to find that data, read our guide to finding ACT scores by high school. For these states and for private high schools, you should try one of these alternate search methods: look on the high school’s website. send an email to an administrator at that high school asking for the average SAT score. send an email to the Department of Education in your state asking for the data. Google search for "[High School Name] Average SAT Score." However, the search/school websites often have unreliable or outdated information (i.e. SAT score averages from three years ago). Many schools only remember to update statistics on their website every few years, and administrators may give you the same outdated information. Also, it may take administrators or Department of Education employees a while to respond to your request, especially if they’re on summer vacation. How to Use the Department of Education’s Website to Find a School District’s or Public High School’s SAT Score Start by conducting a Google Search for your state’s Department of Education. Search â€Å"[State Name] Department of Education.† As an example, I searched for Florida’s Department of Education (see screenshot). Typically, that state’s Department of Education website should be the first search result as it was below: Once you’re on the Department of Education website, there should be a search box in the upper right-hand corner. In this search box, type â€Å"SAT score† or â€Å"SAT data.† That search should bring up the SAT data for the state (see below). Make sure you select the option to view the most recent SAT data. For example, the first link above says ACT, SAT, and AP Data. The second link says ACT, SAT, and AP Data Archive. The first link is where I’d look first for the most recent data. The ACT, SAT, and AP Data Archive link most likely provides the data from past years. The first link brought me to the page below: If you’re looking for data or a specific public high school, select the option that will show you SAT School Participation and Means. It may not be labeled the same for your state. However, it should say School in the title. This link will provide you with school specific data. If you’re looking for data to compare different school districts, select the SAT District Participation file. The district option only provides you with the average SAT scores for each district in the state (without breaking it down by high school). You’ll have to download the file to your computer (which it should start to do automatically when you click on the link). A large Excel file should open that looks something like this: What this document shows will vary by state, but all of them should list the high schools and SAT scores either as a composite score or as separate section scores (Math, Critical Reading, and Writing). In the Florida document, it provides the average section score by high school with a breakdown of average section score by race and the number of SAT test-takers by high school with a breakdown by race. To locate the schools you’re interested in, use the Command + F function on your keyboard to search the file (as I’ve done below). When you find the data for the school you’re searching for, add together the 3 mean section scores to approximate the average composite SAT score for that school. I grabbed the below numbers from the brown highlighted columns (which had the average SAT section scores for the high school) in the Florida SAT spreadsheet. 580 + 593 + 561 = 1734 If you’re having trouble accessing this SAT data for your state through the Department of Education website, I recommend you contact your state’s Department of Education (the contact information should be on the Department of Education’s website). Typically, they have a specific phone number or email to contact if you’re in search of data (which you are!). If you’re having trouble getting in contact with the Department of Education or if you want information on private high schools, then I’d recommend you reach out to the high school administrators or, as a last resort, try doing a Google Search for "[High School Name] Average SAT Score." Though, as I mentioned above, websites and administrators may give you outdated information. Why Does a High School’s Average SAT Score Matter? You should care about a high school’s average SAT score because the SAT measures not only intelligence but also perseverance. For the SAT, student perseverance in SAT preparation can drastically change their score. If a student has just slightly above average intelligence, with enough SAT preparation, he or she could get a perfect score on the SAT. Through extensive studying and practicing of test content and test format, test-takers can do very well without being geniuses. If a high school’s average SAT score is high, it suggests 2 things: the quality of education is better and the students at that high school care more about their education (or more specifically the pursuit of higher education). Since the SAT does measure your intelligence to some degree and your education is responsible for how much innate intelligence you possess, the better the quality of education you receive, the better you’ll perform on the SAT. However, as I said earlier, your SAT score is also affected by how much you prepare. If a high school’s average SAT score is above average, you can bet the students at that school are also more invested in their education and more committed to getting into a good 4-year college. These students likely study more and spend time preparing for the SAT. If you're concerned about your child receiving a quality education and being surrounded by hard-working students, consider sending them to a school or school district with a higher average SAT score. Devil’s Advocate: Why Shouldn’t You Care About Average SAT Score? While SAT score can be an indicator of education quality and the quality of students, SAT score may not give you a full picture of the high school. Many public schools have magnet programs (or gifted programs) which you apply to that are separated from the â€Å"regular† track at that high school. These programs often have a higher caliber of student and better quality of education than the rest of the school. For example, my public high school had an International Baccalaureate magnet program. The program had rigorous qualifications to be accepted while the â€Å"regular† high school track had no entrance qualifications. As a result, I’d guess that students in the IB program had higher average SAT scores than the students on the â€Å"regular† high school track. However, the published average SAT score mixed the scores of IB students with the non-IB students at the same school. Therefore, you can’t figure out what the caliber of education and student will be within a magnet program at that school from the average SAT score. Also, as I said before, a big part of your SAT score is how much effort you put into preparing for the exam. If you attend a school with a low average SAT score, that does not mean you’re doomed to have a low SAT score. If you attend a school with a high average SAT score, that does not mean you'll get a high SAT score. No matter what high school you attend, you need to work hard and learn the test format and strategies to reach a high score on the SAT. What’s Next? If you're planning for college applications, learn about the new SAT and some general tips on how to prepare for the SAT. Before you start studying for the SAT, figure out what’s a good score for your target college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Amway to gain its popularity and competitive in Singapore

Amway to gain its popularity and competitive in Singapore The main of this report is to come out with new strategies and recommendations to help Amway to gain its popularity and competitive in Singapore, as Amway Corporation is not so well known Recommendation on Amway Corporation with new or improve matters as its brands, by using survey to show on the feedback of what customers wants, which Amway to earn more profit in the long run. Finding from the survey shows a large percent of health products were from GNC, despite GNCs’ dominant in the health products in Singapore, higher percent of Singaporeans are still aware of Amway’s brand than GNC. Most of the respondents felt that Amway’s quality compared to other brands is much better. Due to as Amway’s research scientists and product development teams using the most advanced scientific formulas and technologies available to enhance the product’s quality, which shows how important Amway focus on its quality In overall Amway in Singapore did have its second place in the heath market compare to NTUC Unity and Watson. Lots of younger generations start to focus on healthcare items, food and many more, with the demand of healthcare products Amway will still have its chance to overtake GNC in future. Introduction 1.1 Purpose Come out with new strategies and recommendations to help Amway to be as competitive as the two new competitors GNC and NTUC Healthcare Unity in the health care market. Recommendation on Amway Corporation with new or improve matters as its brands. 1.2 Background New strategies and recommendations are needed to help Amway Corporation to gain its popularity in Singapore, as Amway Corporation is not so well known as compare to NTUC which has a history seen 1961. New ideas on improving advertisements or products packaging are required to help Amway to maintain or gain its competitive edge over their rivals. 1.3 Methodology Conduct surveys on the products and companies and interviews on customers. Online forums will be used t o gather customer’s feedback. Newspapers, online research on competitors’ organisation profile. 1.4 Scope of report Survey will include information such as the customer’s income, age, race, sex and occupation. Information such as what are the needs customer desire for, which company’s healthy lifestyle related products do they prefer, sources of information customer consider when purchasing Amway’s product will be obtained as well. Interviews and online forums review information that customers are satisfied, unsatisfied or both on Amway’s products and companies. (Appendix A) In addition, we will be researching on Amway’s competitor’s organisation profile as well as their marketing strategies using online information and newspapers. About Amway Amway Corporation was started in 1959 by Rich DeVos and his business partner Jay Van Andel. Devoted to its innovation and research, Amway Corporation has produced more than eight hundred patents granted and more than six hundred patents pending. It has been recognized for its excellence in manufacturing, concern in environment and commitment to safety and health over the last fifty years. Amway’s products Amway Corporation consists of different brands for its various categories products which are Nutrilite, Artistry, Legacy of Clean, Glister Oral care, Queen/ iCook, eSpring Water Purifier and Atmosphere Air Purifier. Nutrilite which is on vitamin, mineral and dietary supplements, Artistry on beauty care products, Legacy of Clean on bath and body, Glister on Oral care products, Queen/ iCook on cookware products, eSpring on water purifier products, Atmosphere on Air Purifier products.

Compartive analysis of New Black Panther Party for Self Defense and Research Paper

Compartive analysis of New Black Panther Party for Self Defense and the White Supremacist World Church of the Creator - Research Paper Example (The Creativity Movement in 2003) Â   New Black Panther Party for Self Defense is the largest black racist militant group founded in Texas. New Black Panther Party gained supporters through media coverage of its efforts of taking on racial discrimination issues under the pretext of civil rights. The group’s demonstrations call for racial violence ruining its efforts to promote black pride. In January 2009, a suit was filed against New Black Panther Party for intimidating a voter on Election Day 2008 in Philadelphia. (New Black Panther Party for Self Defense: Ideology 2012) The ideology of World Church of the Creator is ‘Creativity’ which is a racial religion aiming for the survival and expansion of the white race. The members of World Church of the Creator call themselves ‘Creators’ who view every matter as a white man’s perspective, resulting in attacks on followers of other religions and people of other races. Its slogans are ‘A Whiter and Brighter World’ and ‘RAHOWA" (RAcial HOly WAr)’. (Robinson 2012) Creativity was founded by Ben Klassen (1918-1993). The Church of the Creator (COTC) was organized by him which was succeeded by The Creativity Movement in 1973. After Klassens suicide in 1993, the group’s activity began to decline and it started to fade out but it was resuscitated by Rev. Matthew Hale (former head of the National Socialist White Americans Party) in 1996 and named it World Church of the Creator and was its Pontifex Maximus- the highest priest. He attracted a large number of followers, ‘creators’. He passed his bar exams but has been denied a license due to his religious beliefs. (Robinson 2012) Montana has been a centre of WCOTC activity. In the early 1990s Rev Rudy Stanko moved to Billings and began selling Klassen’s books. Rev. Slim Deardorf hosted the annual convention of the WCTOC every summer. Literature has been spread across the state in order to gain followers. In spite of

Human Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Relations - Essay Example Researchers emphasized culture, interpersonal relations, and group coherence as the determinants of worker performance. Before industrial revolution the work was mostly performed by individual workers. Any particular skill was undertaken by an individual and was time consuming. As a result the productivity was low. With the industrial revolution the nature of work and the role of the worker underwent major changes. With the arrival of machines and factories, the production increased. Along with raw materials and capital, labor was also considered a part of the manufacturing process. The employers never considered how productivity was influenced by a worker's mental needs. As a result, motivation, social relations and working conditions were never considered important. Nevertheless it affected productivity in a major way. This movement had many followers like Keith Davis, Chris Argyris, Fred Herzberg, and Rensis Likert who assumed the underlying employee-employer harmony. They attributed restriction of output to the poor communication between workers and managers, and inadequate attention to the human side of worker. Elton Mayo (1880-1949), a Harvard professor trained in psychopathology and other researchers from Harvard University initiated what have become known as the Hawthorne Studies at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company near Chicago. (The Human relations movement (circa 1929-1951))They wanted to study how the changes in physical working conditions affect employee productivity. The study revealed that even when the physical characteristics of the job like salary were declined, and employee complaints ignored, the productivity of the employees was not reduced. On the other hand there was an increase in productivity. This phenomenon was called as Hawthorne effect where the productivity of the employees who participate in the study increases only because of the attention they receive from the researchers. This discovery forms the basis of the human relations movement because it suggests that employees are highly motivated to work better when they feel important and when their work is recognized. Over the years Hawthorne effect has been successfully used by managers to increase productivity. Implementation of "self-study committees, announcing surprise audits, establishing task forces of various kinds, and in general, keeping the workers tied up with busy-work that has the appearance of ongoing research" was undertaken. Mayo stated that the reason workers are motivated by such things is that individuals have a deep psychological need to believe that their organization cares about them, is open, concerned, and willing to listen. (The Human relations movement (circa 1929-1951)) According to mayo there should be a friendly relation between the employers and workers. At the same time the employers should consider the human values first and not the quality of the work. The employees' opinion about their work and working conditions must be taken into consideration. Further any changes in the organization must take into consideration the employees' view. This became a predominant philosophy and many theories sprung up

Ceremony Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ceremony Analysis Essay In a song called Helplessness Blues by Fleet Foxes, the lyrics present a crisis in self-identity. â€Å"I was raised up believing I was somehow unique; like a snowflake distinct among snowflakes unique in each way you can see. But now after some thinking, I’d say I’d rather be, a functioning cog in some great machinery serving something beyond me. † The lyricist struggles between his desire of individuality and his desire to be a part of a larger organization. As the song continues, he relates his story of learning to be at peace that the purpose of his life is to be a part of his community. Tayo experiences a similar struggle due to his mixed blood. He is torn between the white culture that tells him to only be concerned with personal gain and the traditional Laguna Pueblo belief that all living organisms are a part of one life force. In the same manner that Robin Pecknold of Fleet Foxes discovered his purpose, Leslie Marmon Silko uses a variety of literary features to support her negative treatment of white selfishness to show Tayo’s discovery of his purpose. Silko encourages the reader to view the world in a more connected sense. Leslie Marmon Silko repeatedly uses white characters as symbols to represent the idea of self-interest. Tayo is searching for Josiah’s cattle, which is symbolic for Tayo trying to find a balance between his white and Laguna Pueblo halves. After falling off of his horse, Tayo meets a group of Texans that portray the white stereotype of putting their own personal gain before that of others. After discovering tracks of a mountain lion, the men leave Tayo with one man saying, â€Å"greasers and Indians – we can run them down anytime. But it’s been a couple of years since anybody up here got a mountain lion. pg99 Rather than looking at his town with a sense of togetherness or unity, the white man feels like he has to be the one in his town to catch a mountain lion. He views the mountain lion as lesser than himself and would be willing to kill it to gain recognition. His sense of pride is important to him and he is willing to endanger Tayo’s life to secure his own social success. One aspect of this country that many people love is the American Dream. The prospect of an individual who is able to have the opportunity to acquire whatever he/she wants based solely on their own desire to work inspires any people. The United States of America has always been founded upon the ideal that any one person can acquire as much as they are willing to work to earn. Laguna Pueblo culture however, teaches that men, women, and animals are all one life force that depends on itself for survival. Thus, rendering the concept of working for your own personal benefit useless. When Tayo and Rocky are signing up to fight in World War II, the recruiter first tells them â€Å"Now I know you boys love America as much as we do, but this is your big chance to show it! pg. 64 At first, this seems like the recruiter is highlighting the fact that serving a higher purpose, in this case America, could have a positive outcome for these boys. However, Silko’s use of diction and choice of the words â€Å"your big choice† shows the selfish undertones. Even when trying to recruit men to fight for one common cause, the man must tell them that they can work themselves into a place of higher status. Silko uses a much more positive tone when Laguna Pueblo belief regarding the connected state of nature. Referring to old man Ku’oosh, Silko writes, â€Å"The old man only made him certain of something he had feared all along, something in the old stories. It took only one person to tear away the delicate strands of the web, spilling the rays of the sun into the sand, and the fragile world would be injured. † Pg. 38 Leslie Marmon Silko uses a much more poetic tone when dealing with instances of Laguna Pueblo culture. She uses characters that have been established as wise to tell stories that relate to what Tayo faces in his life. Ku’oosh tells Tayo about the importance of a community by warning him about the dangers of one person going astray. Silko teaches these lessons through wise Laguna Pueblo characters. One of Tayo’s problems is his feeling of empathy. Tayo has a tendency to experience the pain of other people. When Tayo is fighting in World War II, â€Å"Tayo could not pull the trigger. The fever made him shiver, and the sweat was stinging his eyes and he couldn’t see clearly; in that instant he saw Josiah standing there; the face was dark from the sun, and the eyes were squinting as though he were about to smile at Tayo. So Tayo stood there, while they fired at the soldiers, and he watched his uncle fall, and he knew it was Josiah. † Pg. 8 Tayo naturally forms bonds with people. He is able to relate to others and he wants to share that with someone. He was so overcome by emotion seeing his uncle being fired at that he could not do his duty. At the beginning of the novel, Tayo has nobody to receive all of the love that he has to give. Tayo craves a bond with somebody. This is why the characters Ts’eh and Night Swan and their relationships with Tayo are so important. They are symbolic of his connection between people. Silko often teaches lessons in parallel. At the same time that Tayo is learning to come to grips with his role in Laguna Pueblo society, Silko uses the cattle to parallel his life. The cattle are a mixed breed just like Tayo; just like Silko. The cattle are a repeated symbol to Tayo’s life as he tries to rescue them and return them home. â€Å"Cattle are like any living thing. If you separate them from the land for too long, keep them in barns and corrals, they lose something. Their stomachs get to where they can only eat rolled oats and dry alfalfa. When you turn them loose again, they go running all over. They are scared because the land is unfamiliar, and they are lost. † Pg. 74 The description of these cattle mirror Tayo’s life in a multitude of ways. Just like the cattle being separated from the land for too long, Tayo is separated from his Laguna Pueblo culture for much too long while serving in World War II. When he returns home, he has problems with his stomach also. He constantly vomits whenever he thinks about the war as well as drinking to cover the pain, which is symbolic of his purging of white culture. Over the course of Ceremony, Tayo learns a great lesson regarding Laguna Pueblo culture. He grows away from his original white tendencies and learns to conform to Laguna Pueblo culture. At the beginning of the novel, Tayo is concerned with himself. After returning home from the war Tayo is haunted by all of the people that he has interacted with and wants to be freed from those memories. On page 7 it says, â€Å"So Tayo had to sweat through those nights when thoughts became entangled; he had to sweat to think of something that wasn’t unraveled or tied in knots to the past- something that existed by itself, standing alone like a deer. And if he could hold that image of a deer in his mind long enough, his stomach might shiver less and let him sleep for a while. † Tayo begins the novel trying to separate himself from the memories and people of his past. He thinks that the way to escape the memories that haunt him is to attempt to untangle his life from those who were there at that time of his life. As the novel progresses, Tayo learns how to use other people to help him solve his problems rather than viewing them as a setback. Similarly to Tayo, author Leslie Marmon Silko is part white, part Mexican, and part Laguna Pueblo. Tayo’s struggle to find a balance between the two halves of his culture is something that many people can relate to. Silko uses literary devices such as tone and symbolism to show the duality within Tayo that many people feel. Being of mixed blood myself, I understand the difficult balance of trying to identify with others. Tayo learns, however, that a sense of community can be a part of his healing ceremony.

Progress Leads to Success Essay -- Health, Mental Illness

Henry Ford stated, â€Å"Coming together is a beginning, keeping together is a progress, working together is success,† Ford’s quote applies to everything and everyone coming together in the beginning to make progress that leads into success, just like we need to do to help the mentally ill. Things need to change so that mentally ill individuals don’t hurt themselves or the people that surround them in society. The law and psychology need to work together to make stricter guidelines to prevent mentally stable people from manipulating the right’s we are giving to mentally ill people, also they need to treat mentally ill before crime happens, and lastly, the mentally ill should not be placed into prisons because of the more severe effects that will hurt them worse in the long run. Making a tougher mental capacity test would reduce the amount of liars that just rely on the insanity defense to get a lesser sentence. The law has already showed a good beginning in trying to stop perfectly stable people mentally from manipulating the right of the insanity offense the law has given to mentally ill who actually need it, â€Å"About one-fourth of the states have established a separate verdict of ‘Guilty but Mentally Ill’ (GBMI)†¦ The consequence of receiving GBMI is that the individual is convicted and given a criminal sentence. It is a verdict available to the jury when the conclusion is that the defendant committed the act charged but suffers from a mental disorder, however, not at the level necessary to meet the insanity offense,† (Torry 259-260) the law as a whole has clearly started to make little changes by making the GBMI but they still need to make more progress so people do not manipulate the system. For example, 35-year-old Terry Sturgis... ...uncertainty about life after prison, and inadequate health services† (187), by placing these types of people into prisons is doing nothing but make things worse. In conclusion the law and psychology need to do a better job working together so we can make the best outcome for everyone. Being mentally ill is not a bad thing, it is just a bad thing when you cannot control your urges: â€Å"It is a disorder that impairs the human mind and prevents distinguishing between actions that are right and wrong†¦They are brain disorders resulting in a diminishined capacity for coping with the demands of life† (Torry 255). By coming together we can make progress and make a success out of making stricter guildlines, treating mentally ill before crime happens, and placing them into institutions, not prisons. This success can be an overall positive thing for the individual and society.

Romantic Innocence

Romantic Innocence Though Romanticism at large is not concerned with lost innocence only, but a whole array of human emotions, it is certainly an important theme for writers of this literary epoch. Several Romantic poems testify to this, as well as other Romantic or pre-Romantic literary texts. In the England of the 18th century, scientific progress along with industrialism had effected great changes in society. Europe on the whole was shifting rapidly: economically, socially and politically. In France, Enlightenment writers such as Rousseau had already started questioning whether â€Å"Reason† as such could solve all human problems, and in England too, Swiftian satire, for instance, had shown how insufficient rational thought can be in effecting solutions to upcoming problems, not the least social ones – of which there were to be plenty in the growing urban areas, as Industrialism progressed. Romanticism in literature was asserting itself towards the end of the century, and someone like William Blake, for instance, in his collection of poems, Songs of Innocence and of Experience, strongly questioned the state of affairs where individuals were fed into the ugly mouths of industrial society – like innocent lambs crammed into the gaping jaws of the tyrannical machinery of economic progress, administered by a state which subscribed to laissez-faire economic politics, cheered by industrialists, bankers, financiers and manufacturers. The sentiment that much of this was against nature itself was prevalent among many romantic poets and writers. â€Å"In every cry of every Man,/ In every Infant’s cry of fear,/ In every voice: in every ban,/ The mind-forg’d manacles I hear†, wrote Blake,1 and his was not the only voice of criticism. Blake juxtaposes, as it were, two areas of human experience (Innocence/Experience) – but with his lament at â€Å"lost innocence†, there is also the view that these phases are inevitable in human experience – perhaps complementary. William Wordsworth, on the other hand, indeed brings forth the view that nature carries a beauty threatened by materialism: The world is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending we lay waste our powers: Little we see in Nature that is ours; We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon 2 The poem focuses on the loss of natural values by subscribing to distasteful materialism. The general idea is that we are more at a loss than gain in treating nature – and ourselves – this way. At this Romantic horizon a lost paradise takes shape: an innocent nature disdained by human greed or folly. This sentiment, obviously, is an ancient one. Where did we lose our step, once out of Eden? Blake would probably say that we never wholly did, whereas Wordsworth might have suffered more from nostalgia? 1 2 Blake, Songs of Experience: â€Å"London†, 1791 William Wordsworth, â€Å"The World Is Too Much With Us† Sources: Alastair Henry, Catharine Walker Bergstrom: Texts and Events, Studentlitteratur 2008 (2001) William Blake: Songs of Innocence and of Experience William Wordsworth: â€Å"The World is Too Much With Us†

Drug Abuse Prevention Essay

The term drug abuse most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they take, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using drugs. Traditionally, the term drug abuse referred to the use of any drug prohibited by law, regardless of whether it was actually harmful or not. This meant that any use of marijuana, for example, even if it occurred only once in a while, would constitute abuse, while the same level of alcohol consumption would not. In 1973 the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse declared that this definition was illogical. The term abuse, the commission stated, â€Å"has no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrary code word for that drug presently considered wrong.† As a result, this definition fell into disuse. The term drug is commonly associated with substances that may be purchased legally by prescription for medical use, such as penicillin, which is almost never abused, and Valium, which is frequently abused, or illegal substances, such as angel dust, which are taken for the purpose of getting high, or intoxicated, but actually have no medical use. Other substances that may be purchased legally and are commonly abused include alcohol (see alcoholism) and nicotine, contained in tobacco cigarettes. In addition, in recent years, chemists working in illegal, clandestine laboratories have developed new chemicals that have been used for the purpose of getting high. (These are called â€Å"designer drugs†.) All of these substances are psychoactive. Such substancesÑlegal and illegalÑinfluence or alter the workings of the mind; they affect moods, emotions, feelings, and thinking processes. Drug Dependence Drug abuse must be distinguished from drug dependence. Drug dependence, formerly called drug addiction, is defined by three basic characteristics. First, users continue to take a drug over an extended period of time. Just how long this period is depends on the drug and the user. Second, users find it difficult to stop using the drug. They seem powerless to quit. Users take extraordinary and often harmful measures to continue using the drug. How dependency-producing a drug is can be measured by how much users go through to continue taking it. Third, if users stop taking their drugÑif their supply of the drug is cut off, or if they are forced to quit for any reasonÑthey will undergo painful physical or mental distress. The experience of withdrawal symptoms distress, called the withdrawal syndrome, is a sure sign that a drug is dependency-producing and that a given user is dependent on a particular drug. Drug dependence may lead to drug abuseÑespecially of illegal drugs. Psychoactive, or mind-altering, substances are found the world over. The coca plant grows in the Andes of South America and contains 1 to 2 percent cocaine. The marijuana plant, Cannabis sativa, contains a group of chemicals called tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. This plant grows wild in most countries, including the United States. The opium poppy is the source for opium, morphine, heroin, and codeine. It grows in the Middle East and the Far East. Hallucinogens (such as LSD), the amphetamines (speed), and sedatives, such as methaqualone (Quaalude, or ludes) and barbiturates, are manufactured in clandestine laboratories worldwide. As a result, psychoactive drugs are used for the purpose of intoxication practically everywhere (see drug trafficking). Classification of Psychoactive Drugs Pharmacologists, who study the effects of drugs, classify psychoactive drugs according to what they do to those who take them. Drugs that speed up signals passing through the nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and produce alertness and arousal and, in higher doses, excitability, and inhibit fatigue and sleep, are called stimulants. They include the amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine. Drugs that retard, slow down, or depress signals passing through the central nervous system and produce relaxation, a lowering of anxiety, and, at higher doses, drowsiness and sleep, are called depressants. They include sedatives, such as barbiturates, methaqualone, and alcohol, and tranquilizers, such as  Valium. Constituting one distinct kind of depressants are those which dull the mind’s perception of pain and in medicine are used as painkillers, or analgesics. These drugs are called narcotics. They include heroin, morphine, opium, and codeine. In addition to their painkilling properties, these depressants also produce a strong high and are intensely dependency-producing. Some drugs cannot be placed neatly in this stimulant-depressant spectrum. Hallucinogens include LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin. Such drugs produce unusual mental states, such as psychedelic visions. Marijuana is generally regarded as not belonging to any of these categories but as a drug type unto itself. History of Drug Abuse in the United States During the 19th century there were virtually no controls on the importation, sale, purchase, possession, or use of psychoactive drugs at the federal level and very few at the state level. Dangerous substances such as opium, cocaine, and morphine were basic ingredients in patent medicines that could be purchased by anyone for any reason, without a prescription. These nostrums were used to cure headaches, toothaches, depression, nervousness, alcoholism, menstrual crampsÑin fact, practically every human ailment. As a result of the ready availability of addicting drugs, and as a result of their heavy use for medical problems, many individuals became addicted to the narcotics contained in these patent medicines. In fact, in 1900, there were more narcotics addicts, proportionate to the population, than there are today. At that time, most of the users who became addicts were medical addicts. Very few abusers took drugs for â€Å"recreational† purposes. In 1914, in an effort to curb the indiscriminate use of narcotics, the federal government passed the Harrison Act, making it illegal to obtain a narcotic drug without a prescription. During the 1920s the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that maintaining addicts on narcotic drugs, even by prescription, was in violation of the Harrison Act. Approximately 30,000 physicians were arrested during this period for dispensing narcotics, and some 3,000 actually served prison sentences. Consequently, doctors all but abandoned the treatment of addicts for nearly half a century in the United States. The use of narcotic drugs dropped sharply in the United States between the 1920s, when there were as many as half a million addicts, and 1945, when the addict population was roughly 40,000 to 50,000. The recreational use of other drugs, such as marijuana, cocaine, stimulants, hallucinogens, and sedatives, which are used so frequently today, also remained at extremely low levels during this period. The 1960s, however, was a watershed decade. The widening use of illegal drugs accompanied increased tolerance for a wide range of unconventional behavior. The period saw the growth of movements that stood in opposition to the Vietnam War and to mainstream American culture, the coming into popularity of rock music, and enormous publicity devoted to drugs, their users and proselytizers. During this time some social groups viewed drug use in positive terms and believed it a virtue to â€Å"turn on† someone who did not use drugs. Although media attention to drugs and drug use declined between the late 1960s and late 1970s, the use of drugs did not. The late 1970s and 1980s represent another turning point in the recreational use of marijuana, hallucinogens, sedatives, and amphetamines. Studies show a large drop in the use of most drug types through the 1980s, but a significant increase since 1990. The 1980s witnessed the development of a new form of an old drug (crack), the widespread use of a drug that was not previously taken on a recreational basis (â€Å"Ecstasy,† or MDMA), and the resurgence of a drug that was widely abused in the 1960s but then fell into disuse for a time (methamphetamine, or â€Å"ice†). Crack is a smokable derivative of cocaine that began to be used on a widespread basis starting in 1985; heavily abused in the inner cities in the late 1980s, it has since fallen off in use. Chemically related to amphetamines, MDMA was developed early in the 20th century as an appetite suppressant; it is not easily classified, although most observers regard it as a hallucinogen. In the 1980s it had a brief vogue among college students, intellectuals, and psychiatric patients seeking spiritual and therapeutic insight; its use has declined into the 1990s. Methamphetamine had a brief run among â€Å"speed freaks† in the late 1960s, who took huge intravenous doses on a compulsive, addicting basis. In 1989 â€Å"ice† emerged on the West Coast as  a drug of choice. Its use has been far greater in some areas than others, and no national epidemic of methamphetamine abuse has developed. Patterns of Drug Use The illegal use of psychoactive drugs is extensive in the United States. Some 78 million Americans age 12 and over have tried at least one or more prohibited drugs for the purpose of getting high. The illegal drug trade represents an enormous economic enterprise, with annual gross sales estimated to be $40 to $100 billionÑmore than the total net sales of the largest U.S. corporation. About 60 percent of the illegal drugs sold worldwide end up in the United States. By far the most commonly used illegal drug is marijuana. Roughly half of the total of all illegal drug use involves marijuana alone. There was a substantial decline in all measures or levels of marijuana use throughout the 1980s. In 1979, 31% of 12-to-17-year-olds and 68% of 18-to-25-year-olds had at least tried marijuana; by 1990 the comparable figures had shrunk to 15% and 52%. Since 1990 the use of marijuana has risen significantly, especially among schoolchildren. In 1990, 27% of high school seniors had used marijuana during the past year, while in 1996 this was 36 percent; the rise among eighth- and tenth-graders was even sharper. Cocaine is the second most commonly used illegal drug in the United States. In 1995 there were roughly 1.5 million monthly or more cocaine users in the United States, a decline from 5.7 million in 1985. Heroin is less widely used, but it has been used at least once by roughly one American in 100. Most people who have taken illegal drugs have done so on an experimental basis. They typically try the drug once to a dozen times and then cease using it. Of all illegal drugs, marijuana is the one users are most likely to continue using. Discontinuation rates are very high for drugs such as methaqualone, sedatives, barbiturates, heroin, and LSD. Even most regular users of illegal drugs are moderate in their use. The typical regular marijuana smoker is an occasional user. Still, a sizable minority does use the drug frequently, to the point of abuse. In 1996 about 5% of all high  school seniors used marijuana daily or nearly daily (20 or more times in 30 days). A pattern of episodic, regular use characterizes nearly all drug use for the purpose of recreation. This does not deny the problem of the heavy, chronic abuser of these drugs. Drug Law Enforcement In 1970 the Congress of the United States passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (Drug Control Act). Most of the states followed suit, basing their state legislation on the federal model. The Drug Control Act distinguishes among several categories of drugs based on their supposed abuse potential and medical utility. Drugs that supposedly have a high potential for abuse and no currently accepted medical use, including heroin, LSD and the other hallucinogens, and marijuana, may be used legally only in federally approved scientific research. In roughly half of the states, marijuana has been approved for medical use, but it remains illegal by federal law. In practice, the criminal justice system distinguishes between â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† drugs; it is unlikely that a first-time offender arrested for small-quantity marijuana possession will ever serve a prison sentence. Drugs such as morphine, cocaine, the amphetamines, and short-acting barbiturates are also regarded as having great abuse potential, even though they have accepted uses in medicine. Rigid prescription procedures maintain extremely tight controls over use. Drugs such as long-acting barbiturates and nonnarcotic painkillers are considered to have a lesser abuse potential, although they may lead to low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. These drugs have more relaxed controls, as do tranquilizers, and are classified as having low abuse potential. There has been a notable drop in the number of prescriptions written for psychoactive drugs that were most often abused in the 1960s and early 1970s. By the mid-1990s the number of prescriptions written for barbiturates and the amphetamines was one-tenth of what it was in 1970. Many other countries have also placed severe restrictions on the prescribing of drugs by doctors and have thus greatly reduced the frequency of their abuse. Restricting psychoactive pharmaceuticals brought about a reduction in the number of legal prescriptions written for them. A decline in the illegal street use of these same drugs lagged a few years behind the decline in legal prescriptions. In 1975, 11% of high school seniors said that they had taken barbiturates for nonmedical purposes during the previous year; in 1996, that figure was 5%. For methaqualone, completely outlawed in 1985, the comparable figures were 5% and 1%. The illegal use of amphetamine in the mid-1990s is half of what it was in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, many forms of nonmedical drug use among the young have risen since the early 1990s. The demand for drugs for illegal purposes remains high despite law-enforcement efforts. In 1996 there were about 1.5 million arrests on drug violations in the United States; drug arrests have nearly doubled over the past decade. Each year there are roughly 300,000 arrests on marijuana charges, and nearly 80% are for simple possession. The risk of arrest does not deter substantial numbers of Americans from selling and using illegal drugs. Treatment From the 1920s until the 1960s treatment for drug abuse in the United States was practically nonexistent. Following the enforcement of the Harrison Act during the 1920s, few physicians were willing to treat addicts. During the 1930s two Public Health Service prison hospitals were opened, but their patients had a relapse rate of roughly 80%; during the 1970s the federal government closed them down. Since the 1920s the primary treatment program for most addicts has been no treatment at all; until recently, arrest has simply resulted in incarceration and therefore forcible detoxification. The dramatic explosion in the use and abuse of a number of illegal drugs during the 1960s demonstrated the weakness of this approach. As a result, a range of treatment programs, developed largely in the 1960s, have been widely used. Methadone is an addictive synthetic narcotic used to combat narcotic addiction. A hospital or a clinic administers the drug, usually dissolved in  artificial orange juice drink. Taken this way, the addict does not get high. Methadone blocks the action of narcotics so that addicts cannot become high, even if they were to inject heroin. According to the program’s rationale, addicts will then stop taking heroin. Although patients remain addicted to methadone, they can live a normal life, since the drug supply is steady and secure. Plus, they are no longer exposed to health risks like AIDS and hepatitis from shared needles used for injecting drugs. Because the program is inexpensive to administer, methadone has become a very popular form of treatment; roughly 100,000 narcotic addicts in the United States are treated in this program. The drug naltrexone has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating alcoholism and heroin addiction, in concert with an appropriate counseling program. Naltrexone reduces cravings for alcohol and heroin, thereby decreasing relapse rates. Therapeutic communities (TCs), such as Daytop Village in New York and Walden House in San Francisco, advocate a completely drug- and alcohol-free existence. Addicts live in the therapeutic communities, and many of the administrators are ex-addicts, who can best understand the addict residents. The view of all TCs is that the addict uses drugs as a crutch. TCs attempt to resocialize the addict by inculcating a value system that is the opposite of what prevailed on the street. Discipline in therapeutic communities is strict, penalties for breaking rules are severe, peer pressure is unrelenting, and the program benevolently dictatorial. Because of the strictness, many residents leave against the advice, and without the permission, of the staff. TCs seem to be effective for a limited segment of the addict populationÑthose who are young, middle-class, and highly motivated to quit drugs. The programs are expensive to administer; there are far fewer patients in them than in methadone-maintenance programs. The Legalization Debate In the 1990s there has been a strong call among some experts, politicians, judges, and government officials for the removal of all criminal penalties  for the sale, possession, and use of illegal drugs. This development has taken place at a time when public opposition to such a policy has actually grown. The legalization or decriminalization program rests on three assumptions: drug abuse will not rise significantly under legalization; these illegal drugs are less harmful than the legal drugs alcohol and tobacco and are less harmful than generally believed; and the current policy of arresting and imprisoning for drug possession and sale does more harm than good. No one can know for sure whether drug use and abuse will rise, fall, or remain stable under legalization. In nine U.S. states and in the Netherlands, where small-quantity marijuana possession has been partially decriminalized, there has been no sharp rise in the use of this drug. Evidence suggests, however, that criminalization of some drugs has produced lower use and abuse, and that legalization, if accompanied by lower cost and ready availability, might result in a significant rise in use and abuse. For example, legal controls on certain prescription drugs has been followed by a decline in their illegal street use. In addition, the continuance rates of the legal drugs alcohol and tobacco are strikingly higher than for illegal drugs. For the most part, the use of the illegal drugs tends to be more sporadic and occasional, and more likely to be given up, than the use of legal drugs. In the United States, outlawing the sale of alcohol to persons under the age of 21 has produced a significant decline in its use, as well as in the number of alcohol-related fatalities in this age group. Many current users, abusers, and addicts state that they would take drugs more frequently if drugs were legalized and readily available. And contrary to the stereotype, evidence suggests that, during prohibition (1920-33), alcohol consumption dropped significantly. There is much information to indicate that the abuse of drugs might very well rise under a policy of legalization or decriminalization. The prolegalization groups are almost certainly right that crime and certain medical maladies among drug abusers would decline if drugs were legalized. Perhaps a â€Å"third path† somewhere between the current punitive policy and  full legalization would be most effective. Needle exchange programs have cut down on drug-related AIDS transmission in Liverpool, England. The Dutch policy of de facto decriminalization for marijuana and hashish has not resulted in a rise in use or abuse. Perhaps the guiding policy on drug use ought to be on harm reduction rather than waging a war on drug abuse. Some aspects of this policy should include a flexible or selective enforcement, vastly expanding drug treatment programs, needle exchange programs, a distinction between â€Å"hard† (cocaine and heroin) and â€Å"soft† drugs (marijuana), expanding antidrug educational efforts, and focusing on reducing the use and abuse of tobacco and alcohol. The first priority should be to make sure that the users and abusers harm themselves and others as little as possible.

Writing First Drafts for Law School Essays

Writing First Drafts for Law School Essays In previous posts of this blog, we have discussed the importance of creating both a work calendar to suit your admissions essay writing schedule as well as an outline for your composition. Now, I would like to move on to what I believe is the next crucial phase of this writing process: the first draft. Whether you are writing undergraduate essays or Law school essays, you must write a first draft. Writing the first draft of your school essay should not be a difficult task. Since it is only a draft, you should not be concerned with the number of errors and/or grammatical mistakes in this version of your composition. Instead, feel free to write your first draft without any editing whatsoever. Write whatever comes to mind and then fix it later. I like to think of a first draft as an exercise in free association. Lets say, for instance, that your focus is on law school essays. Like any other admissions composition, law school essays must be compelling and carefully written. That is why a first draft is so important! When you are writing the first draft of your law school essay, dont worry about organization and/or structure. Instead, just get all of your thoughts and points of view out on paper. Then, once that is done, you can take all the time you need to go back, systematize your arguments, fix any grammatical errors, and work towards the completion of a perfect law school essay. Attempting to write a perfect law school essay (or any other type of admissions composition) in one draft is like trying to pencil sketch an intricate image without an eraser. It simply isnt a good idea! The more drafts you write, the more mistakes you can make. . .and later correct. So if you are writing an admissions essay, do yourself a favor and create as many drafts as possible. Trust me when I tell you that you wont regret it! In the meanwhile, if you would like additional information on law school essays and/or law school personal statements, then I encourage you to read on!

World history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World history - Essay Example The battles are always between the higher powers, powers that greatly surpass our own human existence. The battle is between the gods and demons. As the story commences, we see that the Hindu god Vishnu is fighting a demon by the name of Ravana. In order for Vishnu to be able to fight Ravana successfully, he had to be reborn as a man. Vishnu, the Hindu God was therefore born as the prince Rama. From the start, deception is present. Rama and his wife Sita try to flee and live a life of solidarity and silence. During this time, the demon’s sister falls in love with Rama and tries to get him to leave his wife Sita. He was later attacked because of his negative response to the proposition laid out before him. Both Rama and his brother faught the attackers off. Ravana was still determined to get Rama so he lied and said that Rama’s wife had been mean to him and had attacked him. Ravana was trying to find a way to get at Rama and was holding a grudge. He was very upset because Rama had taken force to his sister in the act of protecting himself. It was done as self-defense. In an act of rage, Ravana ceased Rama’s wife and took her back to live with him. This was done by force. Rama gained help from the outside to get his wife back. Regardless of the situation, he was afraid that his wife had not been faithful to him and cast her out of his life. She was carrying twin boys who eventually ended up living with him. Rama eventually kills Ravana but not without a huge struggle. Rama â€Å"put† Sita through challenges. As a husband, he felt he had the right to â€Å"make sure† Sita still belonged to him. The way Rama treated Sita was immoral. But he was in reality a God. So, did he have the right to treat a human this way? As a God, Rama should know her heart, her thoughts. Rama should be aware of who she is as a person. Bringing her to his level of intelligence would have given her more dignity as a person. Abusing his

Mechanical Behaviour of Polypropylene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mechanical Behaviour of Polypropylene - Essay Example These differences mean that the materials react differently with agents from the environment. Therefore, manufacturer must be in a position to appreciating these differences to avoid the production of plastic materials and products with premature failures commonly referred to as nasty and cheap. The plastic containers adopt the pseudo-elastic design methodology, which involves substitution of appropriate Poisson’s ratio and values of Modulus (that depend on temperature and appropriate time). The substitution involves using elastic standardised strain solutions, which depends on the geometry of the part and the load configuration. The method is appropriate for experimenting and investigating the design failures for polypropylene tanks. Some of the successful approach involve analysing the stress to the 4th order of the linear differentiation (Lewis and Weidmann, 1999a; Lewis and Weidmann, 1999b). The equation takes into consideration the transition between the vertical and the horizontal dimensions as well as the thickness. The manifestations of these transitions are accounted when the wall of the tank increases through radial expansion. The phenomenon can be described as stress concentration. The method involve assessing the strength parameters based on general values like stability (buckling, kinking), deformation (excessive bends), and strain or stress. Most failed tanks will fail at the welded construction at the joint level. Therefore, the best approach is to adopt a limiting stress criteria, which will aim to provide conservative alternatives to the problem (Lewis and Weidmann, 1999a; Lewis and Weidmann, 1999b). The design of the tank is very important. The hydrostatic pressure increases linearly and proportionally with the tank’s height. This means that the most appropriate strategy of resisting the pressure is by increasing the tank thickness. The same principle is applicable when constructing the walls